The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Ethiopia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. What Are The Major Industries In Ethiopia? - WorldAtlas As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. The agricultural extension system in Ethiopia: Operational setup In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Merkebu Getachew. "National Statistical Abstract. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. 3. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). fINTENSIVE FARMING. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. Climate change and specialty coffee potential in Ethiopia Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). An estimated 85 percent of the . The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Agricultural products account for . SURVEY REPORTS - Ethiopian Statistics Service Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Smallholder Farmers Agricultural Commercialization in Ethiopia: A The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. PDF Ethiopian Agriculture: A Dynamic Geographic Perspective The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Agriculture - Ethiopian Statistics Service }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Cookies on OCLC websites. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. However, the expected level was not achieved. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia | Data and Statistics - Knoema The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. Agriculture. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Major Rivers of Ethiopia | Ethiopia About Ethiopia - EthioVisit.com Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. The state of subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia: sources of output After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. Farming In Ethiopia, Agriculture Crops, Livestock In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. U.S. Department of Commerce Physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands and farmers' soil Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Section D. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Section D. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon.
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