"I'd rather have them tell me that I'm an asshole or a racist than tell me that I'm irrelevant. Coroners remove the bodies of three black teens: Carl Cooper, 17, Aubrey Pollard, 19, and Fred Temple, 18. The judge in the case, William Beer, approved several motions that ended up favoring Lippitt's client. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. It would become a theme for much of his life. A war where every police officer, every Guardsmen and every soldier was working in a battleground," the attorney told the jury, according to an account in the book Unsolved Civil Rights Murder Cases that Lippitt confirmed. He was on the phone in an apartment room and the two officers fired on him simultaneously, killing him. Back then, Lippitt looked like "Godfather"-era Al Pacino, in his Ralph Lauren suits, perfect hair and sideburns. Blacks were so outraged by the killings that prominent leaders, including Ken Cockrel and civil rights icon Rosa Parks, participated in a symbolic citizens tribunal that found the officers guilty. You give me a fat, ugly woman and a guy who's got a lot of money, who's got a girlfriend, a blonde 20 years younger than his wife. Police initially claimed the three died during a sniper gunfire in July 1967. It galvanized the black community and spearheaded a political activism that would result in the election of Coleman Young as Detroit's first black mayor in 1973. Upon on his arrival that August, his attention quickly focused on the incident at the Algiers Motel. Forensic evidence later confirmed that at no point did anyone inside the Algiers Motel fire any gunshots toward the street. These and other black youth were also beaten and required medical treatment afterward. His strategy, which he'd employ in other brutality cases over the years, was to remove blacks from juries, poke holes in witness testimony and criticize police administration for failing to better train the officers. When they denied that such a weapon existed, the officers beat them more. The Detroit cops did not report the shootings to superiors. After taking control of the Algiers, the officers, led by ringleader Robert Paille, lined up the captured youths, beat them and held a "death game," peeling them off one by one and pretending. Victims Leon Carl Cooper Fred Temple Patrolman Robert Paille later told investigators that "I shot one of the other men," clearly meaning Temple, and that Patrolman Senak "shot almost simultaneously." The beginning beginning. 2023 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. Law enforcement officers, many working grueling 20-hour shifts, were summoned by radio about reports of sniper attacks at a well-known flophouse at 8301 Woodward with a call going out: Army under heavy fire. Detroit police, national guardsmen and state police dispatched. Someone has to do the dirty work.". First published on September 18, 2018 / 9:01 AM. On July 30, four days after the event, the three DPD officers filed a false report saying that they discovered three wounded civilians in the motel, called for an ambulance, and left before it arrived. That made him the public face and defender of the city's white ruling class, says Heather Ann Thompson, a University of Michigan professor of African-American history who has studied the city's police force. Defense attorney: Prosecution's witnesses were 'simply awful'. But that it might suggest it took something less than brilliant advocacy to persuade all-white juries to acquit the officers. The use of tear gas is an effective and humane method of riot control.". Aldridge found out about the Algiers Motel incident when the mother and stepfather of slain Carl Cooper called his wife, Dorothy Dewberry-Aldridge, to tell her. He said much of the trade came from General Motors, then located on West Grand Boulevard. And then I heard this story and it made me realize there was inequity that needed to see the light of day. 2018 Associated Press. According to Officer Ronald August, he took Aubrey Pollard into a room and Pollard pushed his shotgun away before trying to grab the gun. And this was the pool. They sigh. Move on. I immediately said we need to investigate this so I called Ken Cockrel Sr., who had just finished law school at Wayne State University (he later served on Detroits City Council), and Lonnie Peek (a longtime activist), and we went over to the Coopers house and they told us what they knew, Aldridge said. But why? . Upon on his arrival that August, his attention quickly focused on the incident at the Algiers Motel. Another teen, Aubrey Pollard, 19, was led into a second room, apparently as part of the game. People were begging for their lives. "It was always more and more money. On August 23, Ronald August, Robert Paille and David Senak were arrested for conspiracy under Michigan law. He defended Detroit officers in the infamous STRESS (Stop The Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets) unit, formed to crack down on street violence in 1971. I don't think so.". Im not trying to be authoritarian and tell people how to feel, but anger is an appropriate response, Boal said. Their cover-up of the incident ultimately unraveled, but none of the perpetrators wasconvicted. Two years later, he got the police union contract. By the mid-1960s, Lippitt was married and had two children. The evidence indicates that PatrolmanDavid Senak shot and killed Carl Cooper that night. Witnesses said they saw Cooper firing a few rounds inside and outside of the annex in what one described as an act of mischief. The FBI and local authorities would be tasked to find out by whom. The Detroit officers in charge of the raid were David Senak, Ronald August, and Robert Paille. In less than two years, police killed 22 men, all but one were black. The owner was a white man, and he didnt feel that having African-Americans on the property would be good for business., Thibodeau, who is white, added: It was pure racism, no ifs, ands or buts.. All the officers except Senak, who was represented by a different lawyer, are dead. By the late 1960s, the city was nearly 40 percent African-American, with most living south of Grand Boulevard. Fifty years ago, two Metro Detroit men who lived through the Algiers incident sought justice in vastly different ways. Albert Cobo, Detroit's mayor from 1950 to 1957, openly campaigned in 1949 on a promise to prevent the "Negro invasion. In 1968, a statejudge dismissed the murder chargeagainst Robert Paille, ruling that hisstatementthat he killed Fred Temple was inadmissable. In the meantime, National Guardsmen and additional police had rounded up motel occupants in the lobby of the annex and were questioning and searching them. An all-white jury acquitted them of these charges. In Detroit in the late 1950s and early 1960s, federal urban redevelopment projects under statutory authority of Slum Clearance and Urban Renewal displaced thousands of black residents and businesses in the largest black quarter of the city. The women had their clothes torn and were taunted as "n****r lovers.". Bigelow says she made the movie because she felt events in Ferguson, Mo., left her no moral choice. To this day, it remains unclear how and when Cooper was shot. [44] The trial was three days in length. In a way, Norman Lippitt helped get Coleman Young elected. Hersey, writer Sidney Fine and others have noted that accounts of the events that led to the deaths of Carl Cooper, Aubrey Pollard and Fred Temple have often been conflicting. Years later, a civil court ruled against one of the officers and he was ordered to pay a fine to Pollard's family of $5,000. Officers Paille and Senak then encountered Fred Temple, an 18-year-old employed by the Ford Motor Company. And unless youre open, a marriage doesnt work.. It became a last line of defense for segregationists after the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948 weakened the ability of property owners to refuse to sell to people of color. They also led the raid into the building and are the three officers most directly involved in the murders of Carl Cooper, Aubrey Pollard, and Fred Temple. A civil rights trial followed in Flint in 1970. Initially, two officers were charged with murder, but Lippitt persuaded a judge to drop charges against Paille. Debate raged whether the deaths were fueled by racist police behavior or just a matter of police doing their jobs amid widespread chaos, violence and shootings. A black, part-time private security guard, Melvin Dismukes, also was charged with assault for allegedly clubbing a person at the annex but later was found not guilty. Norman Lippitt depicted in director Kathryn Bigelow's new film 'Detroit', Thousands still in the dark; meteorologists tracking Monday storm, Utilities progress in power restoration efforts; more than 200,000 still without electricity, More than 700,000 without power as ice storm wallops Michigan, Dittrich Furs sells Bloomfield Hills building, will consolidate into Midtown Detroit store, Otus Supply restaurant and live music venue in Ferndale closes, DTE seeks double-digit rate hike after setback in last case, Bedrock ready to demolish existing Wayne County jail site, Capitol Park building designed by Albert Kahn to add 4 floors, get new facade. You knew it the way he walked into court.". Lippitt has always had a chip on his shoulder. These were the only felony charges filed against any DPD officers for the fatalities of civilians during the 1967 Uprising, since Cahalan ruled all other killings to be justifiable homicides. A former partner says Norman Lippitt was known as a swashbuckler during the 1970s. The youthful Lippitt took the case, prevailed and was soon retained by the Detroit Police Officers Association just a few months before the violent unrest in the fateful summer of 1967. According to eyewitness testimony, the report of snipers that prompted the raid was likely caused by a cap gun used to start races in track events. Only the most unplugged would find no connection to current events; only the most anesthetized will leave the theater unjarred. "Norman got extremely wealthy protecting raging police brutality. Bigelows team couldnt track him down, and Mackie never spoke to the veteran. A crowd formed. The movie soon arcs to the early hours of July 26 as told by the comprehensive if at times competing accounts of court proceedings, newspaper stories, police reports and (more loosely, as rights were not sold) a book from Pulitzer winner John Hersey. I was devastated when I heard about what happened at the motel, the Rev. Fred Temple, 18 years old, died next. On the third night of the violence, police reported sniper fire at the Algiers Motel on Woodward Avenue, about a mile from the origin of the uprisings. "Are you ready for this? In the early hours of July 26, 1967, Detroit police Officers Ronald August, Robert Paille and David Senak responded to a report of civilian snipers at the Algiers Motel, about 1 mile east of the . There is another theory, that Cooper was killed in the initial assault on the building, which the Wayne County prosecutor cited to clear Senak and others present in Cooper's death. "Someone has to defend them. I believe the Algiers Motel incident illustrates a consistent pattern of deadly police brutality perpetrated against blacks, caused primarily by predispositions to social control of blacks and other persons of color. The questions are as plenty as the accounts of that night. And youd never know it.. "He was a winner. Detroit was becoming a more diverse city in the 1960s, but its police department remained virtually all white. Lippitt stopped the interrogation. Detroit is an extreme example of the segregation economic, cultural, physical that can divide the country more broadly. Will the luck of the Irish affect the Oscars? Before and after photos from space show storms effect on California reservoirs, Dramatic before and after photos from space show epic snow blanketing SoCal mountains, The chance of a lifetime: Five friends ski the tallest mountain in Los Angeles, This isnt Rocky: How Michael B. 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No deadly arms were uncovered during the raid. If he is bothered, Lippitt isn't tipping his hand. From 1970 to 1980, the city's white population fell by half, to 414,000. Guilty of standing idle while looting and firebombing and sniping was going on. I saw a blank cap pistol earlier, that day, I didnt see any gun that night." September 18, 2018 / 9:01 AM Without tooting my own horn, I apparently earned and obtained a reputation for being a successful and effective jury trial lawyer, he said. Nobody's life was in danger. Days later, police officers Ronald August, then 28; Robert Paille, 31; and David Senak, 24, were suspended and eventually taken to court. Rushing down the steps from the second floor and unwittingly entering the lobby was 17-year-old Carl Cooper. A special unit of the Police Department employed police officers in civilian clothes to entrap criminals in crimes that wouldnt have otherwise occurred. Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist John Hersey observed, in his definitive work, "The Algiers Motel Incident," that the "episode contained all of the mythic themes of racial strife in the United States: the arm of the law taking the law into its own hands the devastation in both black and white human lives that follows in the wake of violence as surely as a ruinous and indiscriminate flood after torrents.". Rushing down the steps from the second floor and unwittingly entering the lobby was 17-year-old Carl Cooper. In the early hours of July 26, 1967, Detroit police Officers Ronald August, Robert Paille and David Senak responded to a report of civilian snipers at the Algiers Motel, about 1 mile east of the center of the uprising. "Norman Lippitt and the police acquittals absolutely had a major impact on race relations both in the 1970s and today," says McGuire, the Wayne State professor. Cockrel, the former city councilwoman, says Lippitt's legacy is sorrowful. Rebellion in Detroit: The real-life events that inspired Kathryn Bigelows new film, I had to photograph this shocking event. What one journalist remembers 50 years after the Detroit riots. He puts his feet on his desk to reveal soft leather driving shoes that he wears without socks. Thats all I can say.. Prosecutors claimed the officers had lined up the teens against a wall then took them one by one into separate rooms. Told by Bridge that he was called "soulless" and "transactional," Lippitt seems taken aback. The DPD did not learn about the fatalities until the clerk at the Algiers Motel called the morgue to reportthree bodies. To me, this is behavior of someone who stands for nothing other than self-aggrandizement.". "Nobody screwed around with me," he says. Pollard was found dead in the Manor House, the annex of the Algiers Motel, killed by a blast from a shotgun. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. The allegations were savage. As she visited the Algiers site one morning this week, she recounted the details like they happened yesterday. By sunrise, two other teens were also dead: Carl Cooper, 17, and Fred Temple, 18. By the 1960s, a squadron of Detroit police officers known as the Big Four began patrols specifically aimed at maintaining racial homogeneity in the citys white neighborhoods. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, US Federal Bureau of Investigation/Wikimedia Commons, eyewitness news accounts and subsequent investigations, Committee Member - MNF Research Advisory Committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship, Associate Lecturer, Creative Writing and Literature. Lippitt was never shy about discussing money. After the officer told me to get in the line, first he pointed to the body [Carls] and asked me what did I see, and I told him I seen a dead man. Norman Lippitt, who was a lawyer in private practice at the time, was living in Detroit near Eight Mile and Lahser in 1967. The Rev. The motel had a bad reputation. Those deaths proved to be one of the high-profile moments during five days of violence sparked that week by a raid of a blind pig at nearby 12th Street and Clairmount. Friends have heard that sort of talk before. "He got off people who assassinated young men," she says. City police, state troopers and National Guardsmen arrived at the motel. After a six-week long trial, Officer August was acquitted. The coroner reported that Pollard was shot and killed while either lying on the flooror in a kneeling position. Lippitt pauses. Seemingly, blacks were no longer welcome even in black areas of the city. He told The Detroit News in 1971 he wouldn't represent poor people because "to win costs money." One of the most well-documented instances of police brutality in this time involved the deaths of three unarmed black men by white police. To Lippitt, his suits were the uniform of a "samurai" a warrior sworn to his patron, right or wrong. Patrolman August admitted shooting Pollard to Homicide investigatorsbut later amended his statement, after facing charges, claiming it was inself-defensebecause the teenager lunged at him. I believe these events show that police brutality today, perpetrated disproportionately against blacks in urban areas, is more of a continuation of historic patterns than a set of novel events. Prosecutors persuaded Beer to allow them to fire a starter's pistol in the courtroom. When emerging evidence contradicted polices initial statements, police claimed Pollard and Temple were shot when they tried to grab their guns. The DPD also rehiredSenak despite the overwhelming evidence that he was the ringleader of the torture and brutality of the youth inside the Algiers Motel, and despite the fact thathe had admitted killingtwo other African Americans in separate, suspicious circumstances during July 1967. Our new podcast Heat and Light features Jeffrey Horner discussing Detroit, past and present, in depth. His wife's gonna get a lot of alimony because she's not marketable.". Hersey had initially set out to investigate and report on the causes of the entire uprising in Detroit. I'm not a do-badder, either," Lippitt says. Such policing practices, and a growing black population, led to the 1973 election of Detroit's first black mayor, Coleman A. Prosecutors then unsuccessfully argued Senak, Paille, August and Dismukes had violated the civil rights of eight black youths and the two white teens before an all-white jury at a federal conspiracy trial in Flint. "He only had to do a couple of things: Discredit the witnesses and get the whitest jury you could get," says McGuire, the Wayne State professor who has interviewed Lippitt several times. An investigationby theDetroit Free Press alsohelpedforced local officialsand the Wayne County prosecutor to act. The Detroit Police Officers Association union provided the legal defense for theofficers as part of its hardline defense of all police officers against all brutality allegations and criminal charges in the late 1960s and 1970s. Theyalso led the raid into the building and are the three officers mostdirectly involved in the murders of Carl Cooper, Aubrey Pollard, and Fred Temple. "If I was the prosecutor, they would have been convicted. Right there is where you registered. Now 81, he's edgy and annoyed but loving the attention in the days leading to the Aug. 4 release of "Detroit," Academy Award-winning director Kathryn Bigelow's movie based on the Algiers Motel killings. The retired teacher, now 78 and living in Saginaw, said the three young men who were killed inside the motels annex would not even have been inside while he worked there. Lippitt hasn't seen the movie. However, prosecutors never won convictions . I give to charity. Mr. Paille and two other patrolmen, Ronald August and David Senak, were charged with killing Carl Cooper, 17 years old; Fred Temple, 18, and Aubrey Pollard, 19, on July 25-26, 1967. So is the judge and the assistant prosecutor, Weiswasser. That's what (defense attorneys) do," Mitchell says. In three different cases, three white Detroit cops Ronald August, Robert Paille and David Senak charged variously with murder, conspiracy and federal civil rights violations.. They all left the Algiers without filing a report, calling for assistance or notifying the families of the deceased. 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