WebDAS Report A sample report that includes the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL), and several other evaluation tools Inconsistent Report WebDifferential Ability Scales-II (DAS-II) Scoring Assistant General Decision Reference Component Category Analysis General Information Technologies must be operated and wechsler nonverbal sample report . Into its second edition (DAS-II), Individual composite scores, including memory, analogic reasoning (thinking about similarities through comparison), spatial awareness, and numerical reasoning can also be collected and are used by psychologists to determine your childs abilities in these areas. Ward's method of cluster analysis was used to group 83 school-verified children with learning disabilities from the standardization sample. Kolevzon A, Levy T, Barkley S, Bedrosian-Sermone S, Davis M, Foss-Feig J, Halpern D, Keller K, Kostic A, Layton C, Lee R, Lerman B, Might M, Sandin S, Siper PM, Sloofman LG, Walker H, Zweifach J, Buxbaum JD. 0000026154 00000 n Individually administered intelligence measures are commonly used in diagnostic work, but there is a continuing need for research investigating possible test bias among these measures. Convergent and divergent validity of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Telling stories involves a variety of cognitive and linguistic. Sattler (2001) Review of the DAS. However, NVIQ was generally stable for the majority of individuals with ASD whose cognitive ability was in the average range. Excellent standardization. $>Q')VC2T-$s,EKOw^ _|57us/__|.PaK h)NC0vWw6-42 e,9\`n'yX'fRj8@uU{v+ q-5ROK1L~: View 7 excerpts, cites results, background and methods, Abstract. government site. The limitations of standardized testing for children with developmental delay or cognitive impairment are well known: Tests do not exist that provide developmentally appropriate material along with norms that extend to the lower reaches of ability. However, curve estimation revealed large mean differences in scores that varied as a function of the child's cognitive ability level. 0000025949 00000 n In particular, they often have tro uble with phonological processing, which is a robust predictor of, Abstract A normative typology was developed and applied using multivariate profile analysis of subtest scores of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) standardization sample. Abstract. Appropriate for individuals from 2:6 years to 7:11 years, it measures identifiable skills directly related to educational concerns. 0000025640 00000 n The purpose of this study was to determine whether distinct subgroups of children with learning disabilities could be identified using a single, recently developed instrumentthe Differential Ability Scales (DAS). 0000050220 00000 n Equation for Nonverbal (left panel): Y = 19.51 + 2.04X 0.0071X. HW]E|CDm-m5'@l*-?3e bwFfT$z{OHX$|?=+uFfp/7KoM52p3EI.JI3)YDIgS]^n:jn"/ 0000030281 00000 n HGG Adv. WebCurrently in its 2nd edition, the Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) provide insight into the cognitive abilities children have when learning. A review of infant growth and psychomotor developmental outcomes after intrauterine exposure to preeclampsia. This standardized cognitive assessment measures cognitive and motor abilities in children from birth to 5 years and 6 months and can be used to assess school readiness. 0000001316 00000 n Concerns about the ability-achievement discrepancy method for specific learning disability (SLD) determination led to alternative research-based methods, such as failure to respond to intervention. Scores on the DAS-II and MSEL were highly correlated, suggesting that they measure a similar construct. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Equation for Nonverbal (left panel): Y = 15.30 + 0.98X; R, Nonverbal, N=78 (AUT=16, DD=21, TYP=41); Verbal, N=76 (AUT=14, DD=21, TYP=41). Careers. Good administration Compared DAS II with Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). What they called "organic factors" is simply an etiological, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our, 10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1<11::AID-PITS2310300103>3.0.CO;2-R. This reaction focuses on and, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Autistic symptomatology was not associated with cognitive scores, while adaptive behavior was positively associated. We conclude that interchanging MSEL and DAS-II scores without regard to the discrepancy in scores may produce misleading results in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of children with and without ASD, and, thus, this practice should be implemented with caution. Good validity . 0000049235 00000 n Convergent validity of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the differential ability scales in children with autism spectrum disorders. 0000021809 00000 n Children with Williams syndrome who have be taught reading using a systematic phonics approach both decode and comprehend significantly better than children who have been taught using a whole-word approach. 2022 Sep 15;13(9):1655. doi: 10.3390/genes13091655. It can be administered to children aged 3 years to 16 years and 11 months and provides norm-based scores in the areas of executive functioning (mental skills are used to complete tasks), attention, language, memory, learning, sensorimotor abilities, visual-spatial processing (mentally moving objects around), and social perception (forming impressions of and make inferences about others). See this image and copyright information in PMC. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. The DAT was first published in 1947 and has multiple forms and levels. Bookshelf 0000039551 00000 n Disclaimer. The DAS-II is useful for identifying strengths and weaknesses so appropriate individual education program (IEP) goals, intervention strategies, and progress monitoring can be developed; and comparing ability scores over time, even when normative scores cannot be obtained. Regression line reflect, MeSH xb```f`` ,[Xvog)[!v sEo3)99{[}=$9W(2= uW?i\v8_i%F| An official website of the United States government. This research evaluated the criterion-related validity of unusual subtest profiles from the Differential Ability Scales (Elliott, 1990). WebDifferential Ability Scales (DAS-II) The Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) were developed as an evaluation tool for the cognitive ability and achievement of children. 2023 Jan;16(1):122-142. doi: 10.1002/aur.2842. PMC Copyright 2007-2019 Texas Education Agency (TEA). 0000029434 00000 n WebStructural equation modeling (SEM) and commonality analyses were applied to the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II) standardization and clinical sample data. The use of the British Ability Scales with children having specific reading difficulties is described and it is suggested that the four abilities recommended for use in computing an IQ in the current BAS Manual are inappropriate for the dyslexic child. Developed Epub 2015 Apr 20. Clinicians should communicate carefully regarding prognosis of cognitive ability to parents of young children with ASD. 0000015176 00000 n 0000003563 00000 n 0000031228 00000 n 0000004349 00000 n WebDifferential Ability Scales-II View all tests and materials DAS-II Overview Live Webinar 3 Hours A103000072424 Qualification Level C This 3-hour session provides an overview of the DASII focusing on characteristics of the test, subtest administration and scoring, and basic interpretation of results. 0000024903 00000 n S. Elliott. This measure allows a comparison of language development even in a child who is one to two years old. In addition to an overall composite , the General Conceptual Ability (GCA) score, this instrument also yields a Special Nonverbal Composite (SNC) score for children who may have difficulty with oral language. Gifted students with LD were more reliant on verbal conceptualization and reasoning than the control students, and demonstrated deficiencies in short-term auditory memory and sound discrimination. 0000044112 00000 n Goodspeed K, Liu JS, Nye KL, Prasad S, Sadhu C, Tavakkoli F, Bilder DA, Minassian BA, Bailey RM. Epub 2022 Nov 13. The WAIS-IV is used to assess individuals ranging in age from 16 years to 90 years 11 months. The scores help in deciding how 7-:78Pp[\s1vpfI[* : 'zb%40m?Q7H4'ZE&EYpM[ -Marit Korkman, PhD, Ursula Kirk, PhD, and Sally Kemp, PhD. 2022 Jul 29;13:927847. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927847. A cluster analysis procedure was used to identify subgroups of children who manifested specific learning disabilities in reading (SLD/R) in terms of performance on a battery of eight language and perceptual tests, finding some significant differences in measures of oral reading and reading comprehension skills. 2022 Jan 27;19(3):1469. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031469. The major results of the questionnaire study revealed that most of the children were in the lower elementary grades, the distribution of IQs contained a larger proportion with below average ability than is found in the general population of children. 0000003940 00000 n SLC13A5 Deficiency Disorder: From Genetics to Gene Therapy. Colin Elliott and the other developers of the DAS used the most current statistical procedures in an attempt to create a test that is psychometrically sound. 2015 Dec;27(4):1364-78. doi: 10.1037/pas0000116. WebWechslers original IQ scales differentiated verbal from performance (nonverbal) primarily for practical reasons (McGrew & Flanagan, 1998, p. 25). In addition to the core subtests, ten diagnostic subtests are available to measure verbal and visual working memory, immediate and delayed recall, visual recognition and matching, processing and naming speed, phonological processing, and understanding of basic number concepts. A composite measure known as the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) is also provided as an overall measure of a childs cognitive abilities. Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Edition (NEPSY-II), Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition Upper & Lower Early Years Battery, Leiter International Performance Scale, Third Edition (Leiter-3), Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5), Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test, Second Edition (UNIT-2), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). All Rights Reserved. The WAIS-IV has a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. 0000025366 00000 n Participants achieved significantly higher overall scores on the DAS-II and nearly half the sample achieved a higher classification label on the DAS-II. Belteki Z, Lumbreras R, Fico K, Haman E, Junge C. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Three methods were used to identify unusual profiles: This study investigated the effects of broad cognitive abilities derived from the CattellHornCarroll (CHC) taxonomy, together with the effect of the general factor (g), on Wechsler Individual. 0000050086 00000 n Consistent with published data on the original DAS and the MSEL, scores on the DAS-II and MSEL were highly correlated. Bias in measurement of autism symptoms by spoken language level and non-verbal mental age in minimally verbal children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Each composite index combines to form the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient which measures overall intellectual ability. The Differential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007) is an individually administered, norm-referenced instrument that assesses the cognitive abilities of children and adolescents ages 2 years, 6 months through 17 years, 11 months. The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a scale developed in the British empirical tradition and is purported to be useful in making educational decisions for children. (2015). It provides specific information about several areas of a childs cognitive abilities, including verbal skills, nonverbal problem-solving, and spatial awareness. Mullen scales of early learning: the utility in assessing children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. Neither was associated with the magnitude of difference between overall scores. 2022 Aug 30;22(1):513. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03542-5. Normative scores are provided to compare the childs scores to same-aged peers. 0000003362 00000 n Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. This is an updated edition of the WISC-IV and also produces standardized cognitive measures of children aged 6 to 16 years and 11 months. Scores are standard scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. Cluster scores that comprise the GCA include Verbal Ability, Nonverbal Reasoning Ability, and Spatial Ability (ages 3:6-17:11 only). This study will examine the implementation of new technology for children with ASD in public schools and will be the first to measure the effectiveness of CAI, and investigate whether adding a new technology on top of existing practices increases or decreases their use. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was created to provide practitioners with an alternative instrument that may be as effective as WISC-III in picking up specific patterns of learning difficulties. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 0000001873 00000 n (2015). Genes (Basel). Dotted line represents a 1:1 relationship between MSEL and DAS-II. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 0000037757 00000 n 4. 0000011732 00000 n eCollection 2022 Oct 13. 0000034407 00000 n A historical, Over a decade ago, Pasamanick and Knobloch (1958) demonstrated that disadvantaged populations manifest severe visual perceptual deficits. and transmitted securely. WebWe evaluated the correspondence of contemporaneous MSEL and the DAS-II scores in a mixed sample of children aged 2-10 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), non-ASD developmental delays, and typically developing children across the This cognitive assessment tool can be administered to individuals aged 2 to 85 years old. 1. 0000037555 00000 n trailer <]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 81 0 obj<>stream This study was an effort to subtype adolescents' learning disabilities using scores on the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational BatteryRevised to characterize subtypes, suggesting that these students had two specific types of learning disorders. The NEPSY-II is a comprehensive, standardized neuropsychological assessment tool used to evaluate several domains of cognitive abilities. DAS provides extended age ranges and out-of-level testing, This test predicts academic achievement on the basis of ability equally well for African American, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, and White/non-Hispanic children. The authors concluded that interchanging MSEL and DAS-II scores in research studies without regard to the discrepancy in scores may produce misleading results in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of children with and without ASD, and, thus, this practice should be implemented with caution. Price includes up to 40 people per session. Psychol Assess. 2013;2(1):33-42. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2012.682852. Method of Administration: Individually administered, norm-referenced measure of cognitive abilities; aligned to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model two overlapping batteries: Early Years (2:6-6:11) and School-Aged (7:0-17:11) 0000029089 00000 n View 5 excerpts, cites background and methods, The ability profiles most representative of the school-age norm group for the Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliot, 1990a), an individually administered test of cognitive skills, are identified. Multistage, ABSTRACT Theory of mind describes the ability to engage in perspective-taking, infer mental states, and predict intentions, behavior, and actions in others. 2011 Sep;116(5):331-43. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.5.331. Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, The discriminant validity of the Upper Preschool Level of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was studied using 32 at-risk preschoolers (females = 14, males = 18) with a mean age of 57.28 months, The Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990c) is a comprehensive battery of cognitive and achievement tests that are designed for children and adolescents between the ages of 2 1/2 and 17. These cluster scores consist of six core subtests (or four, for children 2:6-3:5) that are designed to measure verbal, nonverbal, and spatial reasoning. FOIA Composites combine to form a Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) which is an overall measure of intellectual ability. 0000041718 00000 n WebDifferential Ability Scales. 0000002890 00000 n WebDifferential Ability Scales developed by Collin D. Elliott reflect theories that focus on measuring diverse skills. Estimates of intelligence in young children with neurodevelopmental disorders are critical for making diagnoses, in characterizing symptoms of disorders, and in predicting future outcomes. WebThe Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a nationally normed (in the US), and individually administered battery of cognitive and achievement tests. The nature and the structure of children's abilities are considered in the light of evidence from the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), a newly published, individually administered cognitive test, The purposes of this research were, first, to determine whether the varied tests contained in the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) measure the same constructs across its wide range, and, second, to, In a study of the construct validity of composite and selected subtest scores of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), scores from the DAS, WISC-R, and Stanford Achievement Test were compared for 46, The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a scale developed in the British empirical tradition and is purported to be useful in making educational decisions for children. Autism Res. Factor scores were derived, and these variables were clustered using the hierarchical group, The purpose of the study was to evaluate the process whereby children are identified as learning disabled (LD) and the validity of subsequent educational placements: (a) a representative sample of, This study examined the extent to which school personnel were able to differentiate learning disabled students from low achievers by examining patterns of scores on psychometric measures. Measurement of nonverbal IQ in autism spectrum disorder: Scores in young adulthood compared to early childhood. 0000003463 00000 n WASI-II. One current intelligence measure, the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II), is a test with growing popularity. Regression line reflects age (in months; centered at grand mean of 63.67) entered as a covariate for Verbal; age not significant in Nonverbal equation. 0000021700 00000 n Useful features and differences in the administration strategy of DAS are reviewed. Indices assessed include Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. WebThis cognitive assessment tool can be administered to children from aged 2 years and 6 months to 6 years and 11 months in the Lower Battery and an Upper Batter that can be National Library of Medicine Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 4 Rs-4 :::Nb 10t@.GTtg; i vdc(ur. ?;2is41a:HBFA7c)lY +u e4m:{T. 3) z7$n|L:4#0^~j8 p endstream endobj 80 0 obj<> endobj 82 0 obj<>/Font<>>>/DA(/Helv 0 Tf 0 g )>> endobj 83 0 obj<> endobj 84 0 obj<> endobj 85 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>/Properties<>>> endobj 86 0 obj<> endobj 87 0 obj<> endobj 88 0 obj<> endobj 89 0 obj<> endobj 90 0 obj<> endobj 91 0 obj<> endobj 92 0 obj<> endobj 93 0 obj<> endobj 94 0 obj<>stream WebThe Nature and Structure of the Das: Questioning the Test's Organizing Model and Use. Two commonly used and interchanged instruments are the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), a test of developmental level, and the Differential Ability Scales, second edition (DAS-II), a more traditional cognitive test. WebThe Differential Ability Scales-Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007a), developed and standardized in the United States, is a modern psychological assessment instrument with a longer history than its publication date would suggest (see Rapid Reference 1.1). 0000046960 00000 n An open-label study evaluating the safety, behavioral, and electrophysiological outcomes of low-dose ketamine in children with ADNP syndrome. -Gale H. Roid, Lucy J. Miller, Mark Pomplun, and Chris Koch. However, curve estimation revealed large mean differences that varied as a function of the child's cognitive ability level. Epub 2012 Apr 26. 2022 Aug 27;3(4):100138. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100138. Differential Ability Scales-II (DAS-II) - Pearson Clinical 0000030849 00000 n eCollection 2022. Before Accessibility The International journal of neuroscience. Governors Committee on People With Disabilities. 0000001997 00000 n The following six subgroups were identified: (a) generalized, (b) high functioning, (c) normal, (d) underachievement, (e) borderline, and (f. 0000051312 00000 n 0000002502 00000 n WebTechnical Report for DAS-II and WIAT-II (School Age Battery) Copyright Examinee ID: 1 Page 1 Examinee: John Sample Report Date: 7/19/2007 Age: 8 years, 5 months Grade: 0000018612 00000 n Psychologists use this to learn about a childs thinking skills, social-emotional skills, and the presence of a learning disability. WebThe Differential Ability ScalesSecond Edition (DASII; El-liott, 2007a) is an individually administered battery of cognitive from the WJ III COG normative sample, obtained markedly dif-ferent results for the WJ III COG than the CFA results reported in its technical manual (McGrew & Woodcock, 2001). Visual Reception as a scale is predictive of later cognitive abilities. Concurrent validity of the Differential Ability Scales, second edition, with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. Zheng S, Kaat A, Farmer C, Thurm A, Burrows CA, Kanne S, Georgiades S, Esler A, Lord C, Takahashi N, Nowell KP, Will E, Roberts J, Bishop SL. 79 0 obj <> endobj xref 79 51 0000000016 00000 n The WISC-R was administered to a group of learning-disabled (LD) children and the results factor-analyzed. 0000048655 00000 n Choice of assessment should be considered carefully given the systematic differences in overall scores produced in this population. WebDifferential Ability. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Age: 2 years 6 months to 17 years 11 months, Time to Administer: Core battery: 45-60 minutes; Diagnostic subtests: 30 minutes. BMC Pediatr. Regression line reflect age (in months; centered at grand mean of 55.32) entered as a covariate for Verbal; age not significant in Nonverbal equation. Would you like email updates of new search results? 2. An overall measure of cognitive abilities, referred to as the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), can also be obtained. It provides information on a childs verbal comprehension, visual-spatial reasoning, memory, and processing speed. WebDifferential Ability Scales Name: Jane Sample School Age Battery On this administration of the DAS, Jane Sample obtained a Verbal score of 100 (50th percentile, Average), a 0000003665 00000 n Age Range: Age Range (in years as given in study) 210 years, Sample Size: 47 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); 28 with non-ASD developmental delays; 43 typically developing children, Concurrent validity between DAS-II and MSEL. WebDifferential Ability Scales, 2 nd Edition (DAS-II) Ages 2:6 17:11. 0000050704 00000 n Differential Ability Scales. Preschool-aged children with or at risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience significant challenges with behavioral, social, and preacademic skills. 0000002038 00000 n The Vocabulary of Infants with an Elevated Likelihood and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Infant Language Studies Using the CDI and MSEL. This cognitive assessment tool can be administered to children from aged 2 years and 6 months to 6 years and 11 months in the Lower Battery and an Upper Batter that can be administered to children up 17 years and 11 months and provides detailed information about your childs cognitive functioning. A General Ability Index (GAI) can also be calculated utilizing the Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning scores. Cluster Scores: Verbal Ability Cluster; Nonverbal Reasoning Ability Cluster; Spatial Ability Cluster, Age Range: First assessment age 2 years, with re-assessment at age 3, 5, 9, and 19 years, Correspondence between cognitive ability in early childhood and adulthood. It provides specific information on a childs visual, gross and fine motor, and expressive and receptive language abilities. Kern et al. Webincluded portions of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS-2), Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-2), and Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2 nd Edition (WASI-II) Ages 6:0 Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Convergent validity of WISC-IV and DAS-II. The site is secure. WebThe Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990c) is a comprehensive battery of cognitive and achievement tests that are designed for children and adolescents between the ages of 2 1/2 and 17 years. Kuriakose, S. (2014). 0000049621 00000 n Children traditionally labeled learning disabled, mildly emotionally disturbed, and mildly mentally retarded are considered within a behavioral rather than a categorical framework. 0000051886 00000 n These are composed of 20 distinct subsets, which include 17 Subjects. Subscales: Overall Composite Scores: General Conceptual Ability (GCA) score; Special Nonverbal Composite (SNC) score It is individually administered with one or both parents present for the administration. WebSample APPA Report Sally Smith (not real name) Page - 3 Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) Thematic Apperception Test Incomplete Sentences Test FINDINGS This section presents what was found during the evaluation. The DAS-II can be scored manually or with the Scoring Assistant software included in every kit. 0000029702 00000 n Instructions are provided in both English and Spanish for the nonverbal subtests. Cheong PL, Tsai JM, Wu YT, Lu L, Chiu YL, Shen YT, Li YJ, Tsao CH, Wang YC, Chang FM, Huang YH, Sun CW. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The Differential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007) is an individually administered norm-referenced battery of cognitive subtests for children and adolescents ages 2:6 through 17:11. WebDifferential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II) is a comprehensive clinical assessment designed to evaluate cognitive abilities in children and adolescents across a broad range of developmental levels. The Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott 2007) is an individually administered test designed to measure distinct cognitive abilities for children and adolescents ages 2 years, 6 months to 17 years, 11 months. Regression lines reflect age (in months; centered at grand mean of 63.67) entered as a covariate. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Some children with speech sound disorders (SSD) hav e difficulty with literacyrelated skills. Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Mullen Scales of Early Learning in Taiwanese children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Global Developmental Delay, and Typically Developing Children.